The Hidden Universe: Investigating the Evolution of Dusty Star Formation and Gas Consumption Across Cosmic Time

Half a century has now passed since the first observations of the Universe at infrared wavelengths, revealing a population of dust-enshrouded galaxies, many of which were too faint to be detected in the optical surveys of the time. Along with observations at ultra-violet and optical wavelengths, these observations support a picture of a star-formation rate density, which rises rapidly to a peak at z ≈ 2 and then declines to the present day. However, a key outstanding question remains: what drives this evolution of the star-formation rate density? Is the peak of the star-formation rate density driven by a larger supply of molecular gas in galaxies or because galaxies are able to form stars more efficiency, or both? Observations of the infrared sky also laid the ground work for the discovery of a population of distant, highly infrared luminous galaxies detected at submillimetre wavelengths (Submillimetre Galaxies). Whilst we now have a good understanding of the physical properties of the ‘canonical’ z ≈ 2 submillimetre population, the study of the intrinsically rare, high-redshift, bright-end tail of this population is far from complete. With only a few detections of bright (S850μm > 15mJy) submillimetre sources the single-dish number counts and the redshift distribution of this population are poorly constrained. It is also commonly accepted that bright sources detected in single-dish submillimetre surveys are either gravitationally lensed, intrinsically bright or blends of multiple galaxies, but the relative contribution of each of these subpopulations to the bright end of the single-dish submillimetre counts is currently unknown. Current models struggle to reproduce the abundance and redshift distribution of the bright-end of the submillimetre population, hampered by a lack of robust observational data. To better inform these models we not only need accurate submillimetre number counts and a robust redshift distribution for the bright-end of the submillimetre population (single-dish sources with fluxes S850μm > 15mJy), but also a clear picture of the contribution of lensed and blended galaxies to the over-abundance of bright submillimetre galaxies observed. In this thesis we use data from the two largest extragalactic surveys at 850μm with JCMT to date; the SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey and the SCUBA-2 Large eXtragalactic Survey, as well as recent data from an ALMA follow-up survey of the SCUBA-2 Large eXtragalactic Survey XMM-LSS field. We employ a statistical approach to explore the cosmological evolution of the molecular gas mass density (ρH2 ) measuring the average observed 850μmflux density of near-infrared selected galaxies as a function of redshift. The redshift range considered corresponds to a span where the 850μm band probes the Rayleigh-Jeans tail of thermal dust emission in the rest-frame, and can therefore be used as an estimate of the mass of the interstellar medium (ISM). With a sample approximately 2 orders of magnitude larger than in previous works we significantly reduce statistical uncertainties on ρH2 to z ≈ 2.5. Our measurements are in broad agreement with recent direct estimates from blank field molecular gas surveys, finding that the epoch of molecular gas coincides with the peak epoch of star formation with ρH2 ≈ 2×107M⊙ Mpc−3 at z ≈ 2. We demonstrate that ρH2 can be broadly modelled by inverting the star-formation rate density with a fixed or weakly evolving star-formation efficiency. This “constant efficiency” model shows a similar evolution to our statistically derived ρH2 , indicating that the dominant factor driving the peak star formation history at z ≈ 2 is a larger supply of molecular gas in galaxies rather than a significant evolution of the star-formation rate efficiency within individual galaxies. We use data from the SCUBA-2 Large eXtragalactic survey of the XMM-LSS field to investigate the abundance of sources at the bright-end of the 850μm number counts. The S2LXS XMMLSS survey maps an area of 9deg2, reaching a moderate depth of 1σ ≃ 4mJybeam−1. This is the largest contiguous area of extragalactic sky mapped by JCMT at 850μm to date. The wide area of the S2LXS XMM-LSS survey allows us to probe the ultra-bright (S850μm ≳ 15mJy), yet rare submillimetre population. We present the S2LXS XMM-LSS catalogue, which comprises 40 sources detected at >5σ significance, with deboosted flux densities in the range of 7mJy to 48mJy. We robustly measure the bright-end of the 850μm number counts at flux densities >7mJy, reducing the Poisson errors by a factor ≈ 2 compared to existing measurements. The S2LXS XMM-LSS observed number counts show the characteristic upturn at bright fluxes, expected to be motivated by local sources of submillimetre emission and high-redshift strongly lensed galaxies. We find that the observed 850μm number counts are best reproduced by model predictions that include either strong lensing or source blending from a 15 arcsec beam, indicating that both may make an important contribution to the observed over-abundance of bright single-dish 850μm selected sources. We explore the multiplicity fraction of bright single-dish 850μm selected sources using data from a follow up ALMA survey of 17 single-dish detected submillimetre sources from the S2LXS XMM-LSS field. Our ALMA maps reach a median sensitivity of 1σ = 0.11mJy, with a median synthesised beam size of 0.59′′×0.50′′. In our deep ALMA maps we detect 22 sources at a significance of >5σ, finding a multiplicity fraction of 54% at S850μm > 12mJy. Our initial results suggest that source blending does not significantly contribute to the abundance of bright sources observed in single-dish 850μm surveys. This is an unexpected result given that the S2LXS XMM-LSS number counts are broadly reproduced by models that incorporate source blending, and further work is required to confirm this

CRT-100.12 Risk of Bleeding Among Cangrelor-Treated Patients Administered Upstream P2Y12 Inhibitor Therapy

Introduction: Little is known about the use of cangrelor in patients with MI who are treated with an oral P2Y12 inhibitor upstream prior to cardiac catheterization. Methods: CAMEO (Cangrelor in Acute MI: Effectiveness and Outcomes) is a 12-hospital observational registry studying platelet inhibition for MI patients undergoing cardiac cath. Upstream oral P2Y12 inhibition was defined as receipt of an oral P2Y12 inhibitor within 24 hours prior to hospitalization or in-hospital prior to cath. Among cangrelor-treated patients, we compared bleeding after cangrelor use through 7 days post-discharge between patients with and w/o upstream oral P2Y12 inhibitor exposure using logistic regression. We examined rates of bleeding among patients with a shorter (\u3c1 hour) vs. longer (1-3 hours or \u3e3 hours) duration between the last oral dose and cangrelor start. Results: Among 1,775 cangrelor-treated MI patients, 433 (24.4%) had upstream oral P2Y12 inhibitor treatment prior to cath. Of these, 165 patients (38%) started cangrelor within 1 hour, 109 (25%) between 1-3 hours, and 134 (31%) \u3e 3 hours after the in-hospital oral P2Y12 inhibitor dose. Cangrelor-treated patients who received upstream treatment were more likely to have a history of prior PCI, MI, PAD, and diabetes and to be clopidogrel-treated (all p\u3c0.01) compared w/o upstream treatment. There was no significant difference in risk of bleeding among cangrelor-treated patients with and w/o upstream oral P2Y12 inhibitor exposure (Table). While bleeding events were higher in patients with longer delays to cangrelor initiation, bleeding risk was not significant after adjustment (Table). Conclusions: Bleeding risk was not observed to be higher in cangrelor-treated patients after upstream oral P2Y12 inhibitor exposure compared with patients treated with cangrelor w/o upstream oral P2Y12 inhibitor exposure

Bora event variability and the role of air-sea feedback

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2007. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 112 (2007): C03S18, doi:10.1029/2006JC003726.A two-way interacting high resolution numerical simulation of the Adriatic Sea using the Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM) and Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS®) was conducted to improve forecast momentum and heat flux fields, and to evaluate surface flux field differences for two consecutive bora events during February 2003. (COAMPS® is a registered trademark of the Naval Research Laboratory.) The strength, mean positions and extensions of the bora jets, and the atmospheric conditions driving them varied considerably between the two events. Bora 1 had 62% stronger heat flux and 51% larger momentum flux than bora 2. The latter displayed much greater diurnal variability characterized by inertial oscillations and the early morning strengthening of a west Adriatic barrier jet, beneath which a stronger west Adriatic ocean current developed. Elsewhere, surface ocean current differences between the two events were directly related to differences in wind stress curl generated by the position and strength of the individual bora jets. The mean heat flux bias was reduced by 72%, and heat flux RMSE reduced by 30% on average at four instrumented over-water sites in the two-way coupled simulation relative to the uncoupled control. Largest reductions in wind stress were found in the bora jets, while the biggest reductions in heat flux were found along the north and west coasts of the Adriatic. In bora 2, SST gradients impacted the wind stress curl along the north and west coasts, and in bora 1 wind stress curl was sensitive to the Istrian front position and strength. The two-way coupled simulation produced diminished surface current speeds of ∼12% over the northern Adriatic during both bora compared with a one-way coupled simulation.The research support for J. Pullen, J. D. Doyle, and T. Haack was provided by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) program elements 0602435N and 0601153N

Proceedings of Abstracts, School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science Research Conference 2022

© 2022 The Author(s). This is an open-access work distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. For further details please see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Plenary by Prof. Timothy Foat, ‘Indoor dispersion at Dstl and its recent application to COVID-19 transmission’ is © Crown copyright (2022), Dstl. This material is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: [email protected] present proceedings record the abstracts submitted and accepted for presentation at SPECS 2022, the second edition of the School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science Research Conference that took place online, the 12th April 2022

Side-effects of antipsychotic medication and health-related quality of life in schizophrenia

Objective:  This analysis used data from the large (n = 1208) European Schizophrenia Cohort to examine the association between subjective side-effects of antipsychotic medication and the Mental and Physical Composite Scores (MCS; PCS) of the SF-36 scale. Method:  Relationships between the subjective evaluation of side-effects identified from the Subjective Side-Effects Scale and the adjusted mean score on the PCS and MCS were examined. Where appropriate, these associations of subjective side-effects were compared with those of the same side-effects measured objectively. Results:  In this study, subjective side-effects of antipsychotic medication were linked either to both the PCS and the MCS or, in a few instances, to neither. Subjective evaluations of sexual side-effects were associated only with the MCS, those of sialorrhoea only with the PCS. Objective ratings of extrapyramidal side-effects were related neither to PCS nor to MCS. Conclusion:  These data suggest that side-effects, whether subjective or objective, may need to be considered individually in relation to their impact on quality of life

Reliability of a patient survey assessing cost-related changes in health care use among high deductible health plan enrollees

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Recent increases in patient cost-sharing for health care have lent increasing importance to monitoring cost-related changes in health care use. Despite the widespread use of survey questions to measure changes in health care use and related behaviors, scant data exists on the reliability of such questions.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We administered a cross-sectional survey to a stratified random sample of families in a New England health plan's high deductible health plan (HDHP) with ≥ $500 in annualized out-of-pocket expenditures. Enrollees were asked about their knowledge of their plan, information seeking, behavior change associated with having a deductible, experience of delay in care due in part to cost, and hypothetical delay in care due in part to cost. Initial respondents were mailed a follow-up survey within two weeks of each family returning the original survey. We computed several agreement statistics to measure the test-retest reliability for select questions. We also conducted continuity adjusted chi-square, and McNemar tests in both the original and follow-up samples to measure the degree to which our results could be reproduced. Analyses were stratified by self-reported income.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The test-retest reliability was moderate for the majority of questions (0.41 - 0.60) and the level of test-retest reliability did not differ substantially across each of the broader domains of questions. The observed proportions of respondents with delayed or foregone pediatric, adult, or any family care were similar when comparing the original and follow-up surveys. In the original survey, respondents in the lower-income group were more likely to delay or forego pediatric care, adult care, or any family care. All of the tests comparing income groups in the follow-up survey produced the same result as in the original survey.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>In this population of HDHP beneficiaries, we found that survey questions concerning plan knowledge, information seeking, and delayed or foregone care were moderately reliable. Our results offer reassurance for researchers using survey information to study the effects cost sharing on health care utilization.</p